الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous collection of conditions characterized by persistent expiratory airflow limitation.
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the two main components of the disease .
The patients usually presents with cough , sputum production , dyspnea , and haemoptysis.
Clinically , patients show barrel-shaped chest , pursed -lip breathing , and emaciation Diagnosis can be confirmed by chest radiography, computed tomography , pulmonary function tests , arterial blood gases , sputum examination , and erythroctosis.
Therapeutic goals may be divided into several components : reduction of risk factors , symptomatic management of stable disease , management of sevsre disease, and treatment of exacerbations.