الفهرس 
introductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the beginning of history At the dawn of civilization which is maded by the birth of -the Old kingdum in Egypt 3400 B.C. structural gineering existed as an art. Engineers of that period relied on some empirical rules which were perusal guardedly from generation to Generation • Nevertheless many magnificent structures were
built ill this early period. These included many number of loads at the top, the great pyramids at Giza in the North to the Abu Simble temple in Nobia for to the south.As time passed knowledge accumulated thats to the efforts of Great meusuratien, -the Greek Archimedes ( 287 _ 217 B.C.) the founder of statics, the Italian Leo~lardo da Vinci(1452¬1,19), who was the first to introduce the concept of the mom.:lnt ot’ a force, the Italian Galilieo (1;;64 _ 1642) , who W~S the first to study the resistance of solids to ruptureand is thus known as the originator of mechanics of materials, the English student Newten (1642 - 1727), who set ”:lis well known laws of motion, the Swiss family Dernoulli [ Janes (lG 54-1705). J ohann (166 7-174- and Danie le 1700-1782) Janes who are kown for the assumption of plane section remain plane during bending, the principle of virtual velocities which is.