الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study of local scour phenomena downstream pipe
culverts, is the aim of this research.
This phenomena was investigated on sandy bed, under
different pipe diameters, different
heads upstream the
pipe, and under two conditions of flow; free and submerged.
The measurements were carried out for the main dimensions
of scour hole with respect to time.
Statistical methods were used to analyze the
experimental data and to render the charts required for
describing the necessary characteristics of the scour hole.
A dimensional analysis was applied to develop the
relation
between all the variables involved in this
research.
Empirical formulae were obtained in a dimensionless
form to describe the maximum depth of scour,
time scale,
length of scour hole, and the location of the deepest point
of the scour hole.
A comparison between the main dimensions of the scour
hole in the two conditions of free and submerged flow was
also obtained.