الفهرس 
Literature ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 166 |  |  |
| | | from | 166 | | |
Abstract
In recent years toll systems have been gradually introduced on Egyptian rural highways:
The primary advantages of the toll system are:
• Toll financing has been used as a supplemental source of highway revenue to cover the
cost of building and maintenance of roads;
• The ability to use the revenue collected from cars, trucks, and trailers as indication of
passenger and freight volume on the road;
• The ability to use tolls as a form of congestion restraint in urban areas; and
• The ability to use toll stations by police as a control point for entry and exit of any road.
The presence of toll systems constitute potential bottlenecks especially during summer
when traffic flow reaches the highest levels on regional roads. Traffic flow characteristics at
the toll systems are different from that on basic highway segments. Approaching traffic
responds to advance warning signs, and drivers start to decelerate and position themselves at
the appropriate queue to pay toll there. Then, drivers accelerate to leave the toll collection
systems. Time elapsed for this maneuver depends on a number offactors such as: traffic
volume, vehicle type, vehicles arrival pattern, toll gate capacity, experience of toll collector,
and number of open gates.