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Abstract
SUMMARY
The biological performance of certain treatments was evaluated against plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita during seasons 2007/ 2008 on tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Super strain. The experiments were done in pots and in greenhouse. In pots, the pesticides treatments carried out after two days from infection and results were taken after 60 days from the treatments. In greenhouse, the results were taken for three months with a month interval post the treatments.
5.1. Evaluation of biological performance of certain treatments.
5.1.1. Season 2007 (in Pots)
All individual treatments reduced the number of juveniles in the soil and/or the number of galls / root system. Fosthiazate was the superior treatment in reducing the juvenile’s nematode which recorded 97.8 reduction percent followed by carbofuran and azadirachtin which gave 95.7 and 54 reduction percent, respectively. Moreover, all treatment gave significant effect in suppressing galls / root system. Fosthiazate was the most effective treatment in reducing galls by 71.3 %, followed by azadirachtin and carbofuran representing 57.9 and 49.9 % reduction, respectively.
The tested treatments promoted tomato plant growth. The highest treatment in root system length was achieved by fosthiazate which recorded 46.3 increase percent, followed by carbofuran that gave 4% increase, while azadirachtin decreased the length of the root system achieving 7.5% reduction compared with untreated check. Whereas, in the case of root system weight the most effective treatment was fosthiazate which recorded 48.5 increase percent, followed by carbofuran and azadirachtin that gave 48.5 and 26.1 % increase, respectively.
The results showed that all the used treatments significantly increased the shoot length more than the untreated check. Carbofuran was the superior treatment followed by fosthiazate and azadirachtin, which induced 20.5, 14.8 and 7.9 increase percent in shoot system length, respectively. On the other hand, carbofuran was the most effective treatment in increasing shoot system weight followed by fosthiazate and azadirachtin, which recorded 46.7, 22 and 22 % increase, respectively.
Treatments of crustacean1, crustacean2, VAM2 and VAM1 treatments indicated 72.9, 67.9, 50.1 and 40.9 % reduction percent of the number of juvenile nematodes, respectively. On the other hand, VAM2, crustacean1, crustacean2 and VAM1 reduced galls number by 65, 64.8, 64.1 and 60.7 %, respectively.
VAM2 was the superior treatment in root system length, followed by VAM1 and crustacean2 which recorded 35.8, 29.5 and 4% increase, while Crustacean1 didn’t increase the length of the root system. On the other hand, VAM2, VAM1 and crustacean 2 increased the weight of root system by 48.5, 29.2 and 29.2 %, respectively, whereas crustacean1 didn’t induce any difference than untreated check.
VAM2, crustacean2, VAM1 and crustacean1 improved the shoot system length giving18.8, 14.8, 13.3 and 10.6 %, respectively, more than the untreated check. In respect of the shoot weight, also all the treatments significantly increased the shoot weight. VAM2, crustacean2 and VAM1 showed the same trend giving an increase estimated by 27.3, 11.1 and 5.9 %, respectively. The least effective treatment was crustacean1 that gave only 3%.
5.1.2. Season 2008 (in Pots)
The results illustrate that the used treatments significantly decreased the juvenile / 250 gm soil more than the untreated check; the most effective treatment was fosthiazate and abamectinD which gave 82.1 % reduction for both, followed by carbofuran, cadusafos and azadirachtin giving 80.3, 78.4 and 68.9 % reduction in the juvenile nematodes, respectively. On the other hand, the chemical and biopesticides decreased the galls number per root system. AbamectinD was the most effective treatment which recorded 67.2% reduction, followed by carbofuran, cadusafos, fosthiazate and azadirachtin, respectively.
Fosthiazate was the highest effective treatment in promoting the root system length, followed by carbofuran, abamectin, azadirachtin and cadusafos that gave 54.6, 44.4, 39.3 and 35.6 increase percent, respectively. On the other hand, fosthiazate showed the highest increase percent in root system weight giving 38.7%, followed by carbofuran, abamectin and cadusafos representing 33.3, 9.8 and 4.2 increase percent, respectively. While azadirachtin decreased the root system weight by 12.2 % reduction.
The most effective treatment on the shoot system length was carbofuran which recorded 83% increase, followed by abamectin, fosthiazate, cadusafos and azadirachtin, respectively. While carbofuran recorded the highest increase of the shoot system weight which gave 67.9 %, followed by cadusafos, fosthiazate, abamectin and azadirachtin, respectively.
The results indicate that crustacean2, crustacean1, VAM2 and VAM1 induced decreases in the juvenile population in the soil which estimated by 72.5, 70.3, 68.5 and 61.6% reduction. In case of the galls, VAM2 was the superior treatment in reducing the galls giving 72.5 %, followed by VAM1, crustacean2 and crustacean1, respectively.
Crustacean2 was the superior treatment that gave 54.6 % increase, followed by crustacean1, VAM2 and VAM1 which recorded 52.6, 45.4 and 36.9 increase percent, respectively. On the other hand, VAM2 was the superior treatment in the root system weight representing 43.9 % increase percent, followed by VAM1, crustacean2 and crustacean1, respectively.
VAM2 achieved the highest increase percentage 83.2% in the shoot system length, followed by crustacean2, crustacean1 and VAM1, respectively. Also, VAM2 was the superior one in increasing the shoot system weight giving 76.3 % increase, followed by crustacean2, VAM1 and crustacean1, respectively.
5.1.3. Season 2008 (in greenhouse-clay soil)
It is obvious that fosthiazate, carbofuran, oxamyl and abamectin showed the same trend whereas, the efficacy increased in the second month then decreased in the third one, except cadusafos decreased in the second an