الفهرس 
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Abstract
The analysis of seepage flow has many important design applications in hydraulic structures. The analysis of seepage problems can be done by using different methods of solutions such as the conformalmappingtechnique.experimental models. and empirical methods.Numerical methods can also be used with highaccuracy to solve seepage flow problems with complicated boundaries Finite element numerical models have been developed and used in order to study seepage characteristics beneath drop structures. These relate to single drop structures and double drop structures founded on earthen canals or lined canals. Particular attention is paid to the uplift pressures at the key points of the structures. and the
maximum exit gradient at the downstream edge of such structures. For lined canals theseepage pattern beneath the structures has been computed for slits in the lining of , variable lengths.
The Galerkin finite element approach is adopted in the models’ formulations because of its greater flexibility in handling seepage flow problems. The results are presented graphically in design chart form suitable for practical use and are compared with results obtained using the electrical analogue method. Illustrations are given which show how the results can be applied to design drop structures founded on earthen or lined canals.