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Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate any possible histological changes affecting the gastric mucosa in response to uncontrolled diabetic condition. A total number of 26 adult albino rats were used and divided primarily into two groups; control group and alloxan injected experimental group. It was found that alloxan injection resulted in two separate groups (alloxan control, experimentally diabetic groups). The following changes were observed in the gastric mucosa of experimentally diabetic group:
1. Mucosal thickness: Considerable reduction in mucosal thickness was detected affecting mainly surface epithelium and pits length.
2. Mucinous coat: Marked interruption of surface mucous coat that is broken down into shreds of mucin and even completely lost in the severely affected areas.
3. Surface epithelial cells: Reduction in surface mucous epithelial cells with reduction of their content of apical mucous granules. Multiple cells show degeneration and desquamation with appearance of multiple eroded areas.
4. Glandular architecture: Separation and spacing of the glands were clearly detected with formation of isolated cellular sheets in the mucosal depth.
5. Glandular lumen: Gradual dilatation of the lumen leading to marked compression of the lining cells, their flattening, degeneration and atrophy with exudation of proteinacious material in the lumen.
6. Glandular cells:
A-by light microscopy: There was apparent decrease in the mass of gastric cells.
a. Surface epithelial cells were reduced in amount and their secretory activity leading to decrease in the apical mucous content.
b. Mucous neck cells were markedly irregular and compressed.
c. Parietal cells appeared smaller than normal, with disintegrating cytoplasm.
d. Chief cells were obviously flattened and compressed against glandular wall.
e. Entero-endocrine cells were less detected than in normal mucosa.
B-by electron microscopy: Different cell types that were well identified in normal and alloxan control groups in the gastric mucosa were ill-identified in diabetic one due to major alterations in the various histological components of the different mucosal cells as following:
a. Cell boundaries dissolute and detach from the surrounding indicating loss of all types of cell junctions and adherence.
b. The cytoplasm is heterochromic, degenerating and tends to clump in small irregular amorphous structureless masses.
c. No secretory granules or cytoplasmic organelles are present.
d. Lysosomal content was markedly increased.
e. Multiple membrane bounded structures appeared; some with spherical heterogeneous cores and others are large irregular electron dense masses.
f. Nuclei, if detected, appeared hypochromatic, shrunken with lost duplicity of its nuclear membrane.
g. Peripheral chromatin of the nucleus appeared as small irregular clumping masses.
h. Nuclear sap showed reduced electron density.
i. The nucleolus was prominent in some examined cells while lost in others.
7. Lamina propria: It was swollen, increased in thickness with excessive laying down of connective tissue and cellular infiltration.
8. Muscularis mucosa: Its continuity is interrupted with obvious thinning followed by apparent increase in thickness due to excessive cellular infiltration.
9. Altered area: Area of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium showed horny luminal surface overlying multiple epithelial layers.
from all the previous findings, it was obvious that diabetes has a broad spectrum of side effects concerning the gastrointestinal tract and so wide range of symptoms complained by the patients. This necessitates further detailed studies.