الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The traditional role attributable to adipose tissue as a store site of energy has radically changed. It is now recognized to be a multifunctional organ; in addition to the central role of lipid storage, it has a major endocrine function secreting several hormones. These various protein signals have been given the collective name ”adipocytokines” or ”adipokines”. However, since most are neither ’ cytokines ’ nor ’cytokine- like ’ , it is recommended that the term ”adipokines” be universally adopted to describe a protein that is synthesized and/or secreted from adipocytes . Moreover, it was suggested that to restrict this term to proteins secreted from adipocytes, excluding signals released only by the other cell types in adipose tissue such as macrophages. Over eighty adipokines have already been identified, all of them capable of integrating into a network with other tissues and organs such as skeletal muscle, adrenal cortex, brain and the sympathetic nervous system performing multiple functions concerning appetite and energy balance, immunity, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, blood pressure, lipid metabolism and haemostasis. They Included among them; Tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF- α), Interleukine-6 (IL-6), Interleukine-8 (IL-8), Angiotensinogen, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), Acylation–stimulating protein(ASP),transforming growth factor–beta (TGF-β), nerve growth factor, serum amyloid A. In addition to Leptin, Adiponectin, Neurocortine and Resistin. Adipokines also include retinol binding protein, metallothionein, fasting–induced adipose factor, fibrinogen-angiopoietin-related protein and tissue factor. Furthermore there is a growing list of adipokines including: Apelin, Visfatin, Adipsin, omentin, perilipine, adiponutrin, adipophilin….etc. Adipose tissue bioactive peptides act through a variety of local (autocrine , paracrine), peripheral and central actions (endocrine). Dysregulated production of adipokines is associated with the pathophysiology of obesity related metabolic diseases,and the reduction of adipose tissue mass, through weight loss and exercise, could lower pro inflammatory adipokines e.g. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels and on the other hand, increase the concentrations of those decreasing insulin resistance e.g. Adiponectin.