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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by lyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes, these ranges from autoimmune destruction of the Beta cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrates, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient actin of insulin on target tissues. Deficient insulin action results from inadequate insulin secretion and / or diminished tissue responses to insulin at one or more points in the complex pathways of hormone action. Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality is the primary cause ofthe hyperglycemia. Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydepsia, weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia and blurred vision.