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Abstract
ycotoxins are secondary metab lite produced by filameutou fungi
that Ca\L e 1\ toxic re POl) e (mycotoxicosis) when ingested by higher
aniin Is. Aspergilil/s, Fusarium and Penicillium ale the prim ry fungal
g nera that produce the e toxin” in the human food chain, yc toxin call
contaminate human food and animal feeds throuzh fungal zrowth prior to
and during: harvest. or from improper storage following harvest, Based OIl
health COIlCeJIIS. the U. Food and Dmg Adminisrrntion (FDA has et
regulatory limit Oil the permissible levels of aflatoxin in food and feed. and
auidelines have been i sued for deoxynivalenol. fum ni ins and patulin,
FDA ha i ned 110 re ularions or guideline for ochratoxin A ontent at this
time. These regulatory guidelines (within the .S. a well as those enforced
mrernationally) and e!’Oj) los e. due to disease caused by mycotoxigenic
fungi have put a tremendous economic burden on .. agriculture, It is
rimared that the mean direct economic annual co t of crop loss from
justthree mycoroxins, namely afleroxins, fumoni in . and deoxynivalenol
(vomitoxiu), are 5932 million. Therefore. there is significant empha is being
placed on devising 1) sen irive, specific. non-des rructive and rapi 1
procedures for detecting fungal and toxin conraminarion of crops; and (_)
effective . trate ie for controllius pre-han SI onramination and pOSTharvest
deconramination of couunodities. . lew bio ensoi are hem
developed USDlg fiber optic” hyperspecrral lind near infrared imaging for
rapid find ell iti’ detection of mycotoxin. or toxigenic fungi, The genetics
and biolog of aflatoxins, trichothecenes and fumonisuu biosyntheses have
been inve rigated in ignificant detail, and many of the genes.