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Abstract
Hundred samples of each air and drinking water were collected from ten poultry farms distributed at different location in Giza province and examined bacteriologically and mycologically to evaluate their sanitary quality. The identified bacteria were tested against ten antibiotics to choice the suitable antibiotic for inhibiting bacterial growth during poultry processing and evaluated against four commercial disinfectants to reduce the number of potentially harmful microbiological agents before introducing the new stock and
1. Microbial contents in air and water in some poultry farms.
1.1. Isolated bacteria from air and drinking water.
1.1.1. Isolated bacteria from air:
The results revealed that the most of Gram negative bacteria were E. coli, (10.77%); Salmonella typhimurium (7.69%); Salmonella entritidis (6.15%); Pseudomonas aerginosa (7.69%) ; Shigella flexneri (3.08%); Shigella sonni (1.53%); Proteus morganii (7.69%), Proteus rettergi (3.08); Proteus mirabilis (3.08%); Yersinia enterocolitica (10.77%); Yersinia pestis (4.62%); Klebsiella pneumonia (9.23%); Klebsiella aerginosa (4.62%) and Enterobacter species (4.62%). In addition to the genera of Gram positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (4.62%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.07%) and Streptococcus faecalis (7.69%).
1.1.2. Isolated bacteria from drinking water:
The data cleared that the most of Gram negative bacteria from water were E. coli (11.43%); Salmonella typhimurium (1.43%); Salmonella enteritidis (0.71%); Salmonella gallinarum (1.43%); Pseudomonas aerginosa (13.57%); Shigella flexneri (3.57%); Shigella sonni (2.86%); Proteus morganii (7.86%), Proteus rettergi (2.86%); Proteus mirabilis (2.14%); Yersinia enterocolitica(8.57%); Yersinia pestis (3.57%); Klebsiella pneumonia (0.71%), Klebsiella (1.43%) and Enterobacter species (5%). But the genera of Gram positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (9.29%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.71%) and Streptococcus faecalis (17.86%).
1.2. Isolated fungi from air and drinking water.
1.2.1. Isolated fungi from air:
The results revealed that the most species of fungi in air inside poultry farms were Aspergillus niger (18.18%); Aspergillus flavus (10.23%); Aspergillus fumigatus (12.5%); Penicillium species (14.77%); Fusarium species (6.82%); Cladosporium species (5.68%); Alternaria species (2.27%); Mucor species (21.60%) and Candida albicans (7.95%).
1.2.2. Isolated fungi from water:
The results shown that species of fungi in drinking water in poultry farms were Aspergillus niger (16.82%); Aspergillus flavus (14.95%); Aspergillus fumigatus (15.89%); Penicillium species (19.63%); Fusarium species (2.80%); Cladosporium species (7.48%); Alternaria species (1.87%); Mucor species (11.21%) and Candida albicans (9.35%).
2. Test of commercial antibiotics against isolated bacteria from air and water in some poultry farms.
In vitro, ten commercial antibiotics (Ampicillin 20%, Paracillin, Clamoxyl, Egy-moxil, Unimycin, Egy-Dox, Erythromycin, Egy-Spectin, Avitryl, Colistin) which are available in Egyptian market were tested against fifty two selected isolates (Yersinia, Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus to determine its sensitivity and its resistance pattern.
Three concentrations were used for each tested antibiotic were as follow:
1. Ampicillin® 20% was used in three concentrations of 200 µg; 300 µg and 400 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 250 µg).
2. Paracillin EP was used in three concentrations of 200 µg; 300 µg and 400 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 250 µg).
3. Egy-Moxil was used in three concentrations of 172.5 µg; 258.75 µg and 345 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 250 µg).
4. Clamoxyl was used in three concentrations of 125 µg; 250 µg and 500 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 250 µg).
5. Unimycin® was used in three concentrations of 30 µg; 60 µg and 125 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 30 µg).
6. Egy-Dox 20% was used in three concentrations of 25 µg; 50 µg and 100 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 30 µg).
7. Erythromycin 20% was used in three concentrations of 25 µg; 50 µg and 100 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 50 µg).
8. Egy-Spectin was used in three concentrations of 40 µg; 80 µg and 160 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 50 µg).
9. Avitryl was used in three concentrations of 25 µg; 50 µg and 100 µg. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC is 30 µg).
10. Colistin 600 M.I.U. was used in three concentrations of 1500 I.U; 3000 I.U and 6000 I.U.
The obtained results revealed that the following:
1. Salmonella species were sensitive to Avitryl and Egy-Spectin, followed by Egy-Dox, Unimycin and Colistin.
2. Yersinia species, E.coli species, Shigella species, Proteus species and Enterobacter species were sensitive to Avitryl and Egy-Dox.
3. Pseudomonas species was resist against all antibiotics tested. But Colistin was low sensitive in intermediate and higher concentrations.
4. the best choice of antibiotics against Staphylococcus species were Ampicillin 20%, Paracillin, Clamoxyl and Egy-moxil.
5. the best choice of antibiotics against Streptococcus species were Avitryl, Ampicillin 20%, Paracillin, Clamoxyl and Egy-moxil.
6. Ampicillin 20%, Paracillin, Clamoxyl, Egy-moxil and Erythromycin were resisted with most of Gram-negative bacteria.
3. Effect of some disinfectants against some of microbial contents isolated from air and water in poultry farms.
In vitro, four commercial disinfectants (BIOCID-30®, GERM-IOD, GPC-8TM and ALDAKOL DAS VA) which are available in Egyptian marketing were evaluated against four isolated pathogens, two of Gram negative bacteria (Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum); one of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and on of fungi (Aspergillus flavus).
Three concentrations were used for each tested disinfectant at exposure times 5, 10 and 20 minutes as follow:
1. Biocid-30® was used at three recommended concentrations by the producer [1:300 (0.33%); 1:600 (0.167%) and 1:2500 (0.04%)].
2. Germ-iod was used at three recommended concentrations by the producer [1:100 (1%); 1:400 (0.25%) and 1:1500 (0.067%)].
3. GPC-8TM was used at three recommended concentrations by the producer [1:50 (2%); 1:100 (1%) and 1:200 (0.5%)].
4. ALDEKOL DAS VA was used at three recommended concentrations by the producer [1:100 (1%); 1:250 (0.4%) and 1:400 (0.25%)].
The obtained results, it can be concluded and suggest that the proper concentrations of the tested chemical disinfectants for veterinary application as following :
1. Effect disinfectants against tested organisms in the absence of neutralizers:
All concentrations used of tested disinfectants (BIOCID-30®, GERM-IOD, GPC-8TM and ALDAKOL DAS VA) in the absence of neutralizers were more potent effect against Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus. It were lethal (100%) after an exposure times 5, 10 and 20 minutes for all
2. Effect disinfectants against tested organisms in the presence of neutralizers:
2.1. Biocid-30®
Biocid-30® used at a concentration of 1:300 (0.33%) (recommended concentration by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers where Biocid-30® was produced inhibition (100%) against Yersinia species and Salmonella species after an exposure time of 10 minutes, respectively. Biocid-30® was lethal (100%) against Staphylococcus species after an exposure times 5 minutes. Biocid-30® had fungicidal effect (100%) against Aspergillus species after an exposure times 20 minutes at the same concentration.
While Biocid-30® at a concentration of 1:600 (0.167%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced reduction effect (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum within an exposure time 20 minutes. Biocid-30® at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus after exposure time 10 minutes. Biocid-30® was resulted in inhibition (99.8%) against Aspergillus flavus within an exposure time 20 minutes.
Also Biocid-30® at a concentration of 1:2500 (0.04%), (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers Biocid-30® was produced inhibition 98.35 and 99.1% against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum after an exposure time 20 minutes, respectively. Biocid-30® at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus after an exposure time 20 minutes. Biocid-30® was produced inhibition (99.15%) against Aspergillus flavus within an exposure time 20 minutes.
2.2. GERM-IOD
Germ-iod used at concentrations of 1:100 (1%) (recommended concentration by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was lethal (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum within an exposure time of 10 minutes, respectively. Although, GERM-IOD at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus after an exposure time 5 minutes. While, GERM-IOD was produce reduction (95.1%) against Aspergillus flavus within an exposure time 20 minutes.
Also, GERM-IOD at a concentration of 1:400 (0.25%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced reduction effect (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum within an exposure time 20 minutes, respectively. GERM-IOD at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus after an exposure time 10 minutes. GERM-IOD was resulted inhibition (90.57%) against Aspergillus flavus within an exposure time 20 minutes.
Moreover, GERM-IOD at a concentration of 1:1500 (0.067%), (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced inhibition 98.6 and 98.01% against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum after an exposure time 20 minutes, respectively. GERM-IOD at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus after an exposure time 20 minutes. GERM-IOD was produced inhibition (88.74%) against Aspergillus flavus within an exposure time 20 minutes.
2.3. GPC-8TM
GPC-8TM at a concentration of 1:50 (2%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was lethal (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus after an exposure time 5 minutes, respectively.
However, GPC-8TM at a concentration of 1:100 (1%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced reduction effect (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum within an exposure time 20 minutes, respectively. GPC-8TM at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal and fungicidal effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus after an exposure times 5 minutes, respectively.
Moreover, GPC-8TM at a concentration of 1:200 (0.5%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced reduction effect (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella gallinarum after an exposure time 20 minutes. GPC-8TM at the same concentration was produced inhibition effect (100%) against Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus after an exposure times 10 minutes, respectively.
2.4. ALDAKOL DAS VA
ALDAKOL DAS VA at concentrations of 1:100 (1%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was lethal (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica after an exposure time 10 minutes. ALDAKOL DAS VA at the same concentration was destroyed Salmonella gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus within an exposure time 5 minutes, respectively.
While ALDAKOL DAS VA at a concentration of 1:250 (0.4%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced reduction effect (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica within an exposure time 10 minutes. ALDAKOL DAS VA at the same concentration was resulted in bactericidal effect (100%) against Salmonella gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus after an exposure times 5 minutes, respectively.
Moreover, ALDAKOL DAS VA at a concentration of 1:400 (0.25%) (recommended concentrations by the producer) in the presence of neutralizers was produced reduction effect (100%) against Yersinia enterocolitica after an exposure time 20 minutes. ALDAKOL DAS VA at the same concentration was produced inhibition effect (100%) against Salmonella gallinarum and Staphylococcus aureus after an exposure time 10 minutes, respectively. ALDAKOL DAS VA was completely killed Aspergillus flavus after an exposure time 5 minutes, respectively.