الفهرس 
AcknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Throughout history human settlements have evolved in close relationship to the surrounding environment and resources. Until a few centuries ago, settlement patterns were mainly determined by agriculture. fishing, mining, water and defense (Arvill, 1982^’ , Sjoberg, 196621, and Kosmin, 1952^). In the first stage of urbanization the number and size of cities varied with the amount and productivity of the agricultural land available. Cities were confined mainly to valleys and flood plains, and the increase in population in any city was therefore limited.
The second stage of urbanization began with the development of large-scale river and sea transport. In this new economy the village and the country town maintained the environmental balance of the first stages till the production of oil and grain. At this stage the city grew by draining away its resources and manpower from the itryside without returning any equivalent goods. Along vlth this went a destructive use of natural resources for industrial purposes, with increased concentration on mining.
The third stage of urbanization did not make its s«ppearance until the nineteenth century, and it is now iching its full expansion,, performance and influence.