الفهرس 
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Abstract
testosterone level is low, the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin levels can be checked to investigate a pituitary cause (25). Abnormally high levels of prolactin may interfere with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) thus leading to infertility (25)
Primary hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is caused either by hypothalamic or pituitary diseases. Endocrine deficiency leads to a lack of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion due to decreased secretion of LH and FSH (45). Secondary hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism can be caused by some drugs, hormones and anabolic steroids (46). Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, or testicular insufficiency, may be associated with a variety of congenital or acquired causes (46).