الفهرس 
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Abstract
The grounding of Exon Valdez (1989) near the coast of Alaska focused attention on the effect of a major oil spill ; there has been a renewed interest in gaining a better understanding of the mechanics of bottom damage and overall failure of the ship hull during The study in this thesis relates the ability of a ship to operate in risky areas to the ultimate strength of its bottom and its ultimate hull girder strength. it is believed that these parameters are better determined using simple analytical formulae and simple mathematical models (finite element models). If the grounding structural resistance of a ship is represented in this manner, this may be helpful for design purposes, operation and salvage purposes.