الفهرس 
Anatomy of the Biliary TreeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bile duct injury has been recognized as a serious complication of cholecystectomy and its occurrence has been highlighted with the introduction of laparoscopic surgery(Roslyn 1995). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy increased the incidence of bile duct injury to be 0.4-0.7% where it was 0.2% in open technique(Melton 2007). A number of technical factors are associated with
laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appear to increase the risk of bile duct injury compared to open surgery, these factors include the use of end-viewing laparoscope that alters the surgeon’ s perspective of operative field.(Lillemoe 2001). Excessive traction on the gallbladder fundus can cause the cystic duct and the common bile duct to be aligned in the same plane. this distortion often results in the ”classic laparoscopic injury”, inflammation of gallbladder , physician inexperience to identify the anatomy or inexperience in usage of diathermy in Calot’ s triangle, short cystic duct….have been implicated as causes of this occurrence.(Lillemoe 2001).