الفهرس 
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Abstract
The thesis deals with the hydrogeological impact of the
Damietta branch on the environmental conditions of the eastern part
of the Nile Delta (El-Qa.luobiya Governorate) through the .following .
chapters:
Chapter I:
This chapter deals with the hydrogeological ’studies of the study
area as follow:
A- Surface water system:
The surface wat~~ system in the study area comprises the Damictta
branch and the main irrigation canals such as El-Rayah El-Tawfiky,
lsmailia canal, EI-Sharkaweya canal and El-Basosia canal These canals
branches to secondary irrigation canals and discharge its water to the
agricultural land. Some surface drains such as El-Qanater. Shibin l:1-
Qanater, Tanan, Mit Yazid, Nawa, Namol and El-Qaluohiya drains. The
surface water system cut through the Holocene aquitard, therefore the
hydraulic connection with the main aquifer is achieved.
1- Damietta branch:
The water levels hydro graph of the Damietta branch at down
stream of the Delta barrage indicate that, the surface water levels
increases during·swnmer and decreases during winter, they reached about
14.0m during June and July, and 13.11m during October and November.
The maximum surface water levels was recorded in year IlNg. while the
minimum levels was detected in year 1990. This is due to the increase of
surface water quantities ’entered the branch from 9158 M. m’ in year 1990
to 9982 M.m:\ in year 1998.
._--------~._-~-.~-- ---- --_.--~--
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The water levels at Benha bridge of the Damietta branch indicate
that, the surface water levels increase duringsummer and decrease during
winter, they reached about 10.65m during summer while in winter they
decreased to 9. 10m. The maximum surface water levels was in year 1998,
while the minimum surface water levels was in year 1990.
Surface water quantities entered the branch indicate that, the
mmunum quantity of water was 8360M.m3 in year 1975, while the
maximum quantity of water was 9982M.m3 in year 1998. The quantity of
water increase during summer they reached 1498M.m3 and decrease
during winter to 500 M.m3 in year 1998.
2- EL Rayah EI·TawClky :
The water levels at down stream of the Delta barrage of the
E1.Rayah _E1.Tawfiky show that, the surface water levels increases during
summer and decreases during winter, they reached about 15.2 m during
summer, while they decreased to 13.6m during winter.
Surface water quantities entered EI-Rayah E1.Tawfiky indicate that,
- I· - .. the maximum quantity of water was 4789.M.m3 in 1970, while the
minimum quantity of water was 3878 M:m3 in 1998. The quantity of
water increased from 3996 M.m3 in year 1985 to 4064 M.m3 in year 1995
and decreased again to 3878 M.m3 in year 1998.
3..ELBasosia canal:
The water level hydro graph of El-Basosia canal show that, the
surface water levels increase in summer than winter, they reached to
about IS.85m and 15.6m during summer and winter respectively.
Surface water quantities entered EI-Basosia canal show that, the
maximum quantity of water was 328.1 M.m-’ in year 1975m while the
minimum reached 227.85 M.m3 in year 1998.
._~~~~~~_._--_ .._.- _._~-- --
.. ,. •..•
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4-EI-Sbarkaweya canal:
The water level hydorgraph of El-Sharkaweya canal show that, the
surface water levels .increase in summer than winter, they reached 16.12
m during summer, while they reached IS.Om during winter.
Surface water quantities entered the canal show that, the maximum
quantity of water was 87S.7M.mJ in year 1980 and the minimum reached
652.3 M.m3 in year 1990 and raised again to 726.4M.mJ in year 1998.
5-Ismailia canal:
The water level hydorgraph of Ismailia canal show that, the surface
water levels increase in summer than winter, they reached 16.7 m during
summer, while they decreased to IS.8m during winter.
The quantities of water entered Ismailia canal indicate that, the
minimum quantityof water was 2802.85M.mJ in year 1970, while the
maximum was 4140.25 M.m3 in year 1998.
B~Groundwater:
The study of groundwater levels and fluctuations of potentiometric
. ..
surface of the Quaternary (Pleistocene) aquifer, in the study of area in
period (198S;19ge, 1995’and 1998), indicate that:
1- The groundwater levels decreasing from the year 1985 to the year,
1990.
2- The groundwater levels increasing from the year 1990 to the year
1998.
3- The decreasing and increasing in groundwater levels are due to the
change of surface wafer quantities which entered the study area.
4- The fluctuation of potentiometric surfac.e between 19X5 and 1990
show noticeable decrease in water levels allover the study area. The
corresponding decrease in groundwater storage is 117.4 7 M,m.
5- The fluctuation of potentiometric surface between 1990 and 1995
show a slight increase in water levels allover the study area. The
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maximum increases in water levels was O.3m along the Damietta
branch and Ismailia canal, while the decrease was shown at local area
in the central and eastern parts. The correspondin}! increase in
groundwater -storage is 26.2 M.m3
6- The fluctuation ofpotentionetric surface between 1995 and 1998 show
a slight increase in water levels allover the study area and lhe
maximum increase was 0.1 m along the Damietta branch and lsmailia
canal while the maximum decrease was 0.1 m at the central and
eastern parts. The’ corresponding increase in groundwater storage is
8”.73M.m3
.
Chapter II:
This chapter deals with the ~ydrogeochemica1 studies of the
Quaternary (pleistocene) aquifer based on the results of the chemical
analysis.
A- Hydrochemistry of surface water:
. . .
The hydrochemical properties of surface water can be described as
follow:
1- Salinity contents:
: _. _The salinity content of water samples collected from the Damietta
branch ranges from 236.3 ppm at El-Qanater ,and 257 ppm at El-Saffin.
The salinity content of water samples collected from EI-Rayah El-
Tawfiky ranges from 236.3 ppm at El-Qanater and 284.4 ppm at El-
Saffin.
The salinity contents of water samples collected from Ismailia and EISharkaweya
canals are 256.9 and 287.1 ppm respectively
The salinity contents of water samples collected from the irrigation,,-
canals ranges between 199 and 685 ppm.
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--_ ..._--
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According to Chebotarev (1955). The surface water in the studied area
is described as fresh water.
The salinity contents of the water samples collected [rom the drains
~. .
ranges between 422.1 and 1957.3 ppm. The water samples I.: { lilected from
the drains are classified as fresh to slightly brackish.
2- Hardness:
According to Hem (1979), the surface water of Damietta branch
and irrigation canals ranges from hard to very hard, whereas the drains
have very hard water;
3•.Hydrochemicol water type:
The sequence of anions in the canals water are in order
HCO”3>$0”4- >C( whereas the cations are in order Na+ > Ca++ > Mg+ + ,
consequently the water type is (HC03- Na) in 65 % of the surface water
samples of the canals.
The sequence of anions in the canals water are in order
HCO~ >SO~->CI~whereas the cations are in order Ca++ > Na+ > Mg++ or
Ca* >Mg* >Na+, and the ’water type is (fIC03 -Ca) in 20 % of the
surface water samples of the canals. The above two types of water are the
Nile water.
The sequence ofanions m the canals water are in order
__ . _ _ t ++ ++
S04 > RC03 > CI .whereas the cations are in order Na > Ca >Mg ,
.•. .- . .
and the water type is ( 504 _ Na ) in 15 0/0 of the surface water samples of
the canals, and this type of water is associated with the drainage water.
The sequence- of ions in the drairis water give about 60 °/0 (S04 -Na)
and 25% (Cl-Na) water types, and these two types of water are associated
with the contaminated water. The (HC03-Na) & (HCO~ -Ca) water types
are about 15 % of the drains water.
- ,. -
--- ----_.-- ---- -------------
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B- Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater:
The hydrogeochemical properties ,of groundwater can be
summarized as follow: ”
1:”Salinity contents :
The distribution of salinity content in shallow groundwater wells
show that, the zones parallel to the Damietta branch and lsmailia canal
have a good potable water (TDS < 500 ppm). The central and southern
parts are characterized by high salinity content ranges between 1500-
, -
2000 ppm as a result of infiltration of domestic, agricultural and industrial
wastes. Generally, the salinity content increase in the direction of
groundwater flow away from Damietta branch to the east retlecting the
influence of the branch on groundwater quality as a positive impact. ’
The distribution of salinity content in .deep groundwater wells show
that, the minimum salinity was recorded in the zones running parallel to
the Darnietta branch and Ismailia canal have TDS range between 300 and
~ - \- .
500. Local zones have fairly fresh water (TDS 700-1500 ppm) are
detected within the study area.
The salinity distribution maps and profiles -indicatc a positive
correlation between shallow and deep wells as a result of good
hydrochemical connection. The salinity content of the shallow wells is
higher than the deep walls,
2- Hardness:
The hardness of shallow groundwater range between 156-958 ppm
and the distribution map of hardness show a wide zone has values varies
between 300-500 ppm, and scattered areas have high hardness ( > 500
ppm). For deep wells the hardness in water ranges between I~2-486 ppm,
and the distribution map of hardness show a wide zone has ”dues ranges
between180-300 ppm and large area in the southern part has values
ranges between 300-500 ppm.
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According to (Hem, 1979), the groundwater give verv hard water
and the degree of hardness of shallow wells is more than deep wells.
3- HydrochelI!ical water type:
According to Kurlov’s formula thesequences of the anions and
cations in the shallow wells of the study area showthat (Ht ’( ),~Ca) water
type in 32% of the samples, (S04-Na) water type in 300/0 of the samples,
(HC03- Na) water type .in 200/0 of the samples, (HCOJ- Mg) water type in
160/0 of the samples and 2% (S04-Ca) & (CI-Ca) water types. The
(HC03- Ca) and (HC03-Na) water types’ are the Nile water. (S04-Na)
water type associated with the contaminated water from the drainage
water.
The sequenceofions in deep wells of the study area show that (HCO,,-
Ca) water type in 70% oftbe samples, (S04-Na) water type in 11% of the
samples, (HC03-Na) water type in 10% of the sample, (HCO:<-Mg)water
type in 7% of the samples, and (S04- Ca) water type in 2% of the
samples.
4- Hypothetical salt combinations:
The hypothetical salt combinations of the shallow wells indicate
that, eight hypothetical salts are dominated by Ca(HCOJh NaCl,
Mg(HC03h, Na2~04, and Mg S04, other salts KCI, CaS04 and MgCh.
For deep wells, the hypothetical salts are dominated by Ca(HCO,,)2,
NaCt Na2S04, .MgS04 and Mg(HC03)2, other salts xct, CaS04, and
Na!I~03. The dominant hypothetical salts indicate the good
hydrochemical connection between the shallow and the deep
. . -
groundwater. The existence of MgCh instead of Na2S04, and CaS04
. ..
instead ofMg (HC03h show the local effect on the groundwater quality .
.----~-~._---_._- -----------~
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Chapter III:
This chapter deals with the water pollution of surface and
groundwater are based on the results of analysis of 127 water samples, 74
water samples for study trace metals contaminants and 38 water samples
for study microbiological contaminants.
A- Inorganic contaminants:
The presence of inorganic contaminants with high concentrations
in the groundwater leads to the unsuitability of the water for different
purposes. The distribution and relation of these contaminants with the
Damietta branch show that :
1- The lowest concentrations of these ions are noticed beside the
Damietta branch (positive impact).
2- The concentrations of these ions are higher in shallow than in deep
wells and this indicate (pollution).
3-. The concentrations of these ions increases toward the central and
eastern parts ~f the study area as a resul~ of continuos leaching in the
flow direction.
4- The high concentrations of these ions in the central and eastern parts
as a result of the lowering of groundwater levels due to heavy
pumping of the aquifer in association with increasing requirements to
water for different uses.
5- Generally, the increasing of the concentrations of these ions toward
the year 1999 indicate of the development of human activities
(dangerous ).
6- Sometimes, high concentrations of these ions beside the Damietta
branch show that local effect of pollution ’sources.
7- The central and eastern parts including a large uumhct of unsafe
drains. -
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- ;.
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3-Ammonia:
The ammonia content is surface water canals ranges between 0.0 I
and 0.08 ppm. In the drains it ranges between 0.04 and 0.7 ppm.
The ammonia content of the shallow well samples ranges between
0.02 and 0.5 ppm. The distribution map show major zone’ 0.05 ppm
and three polluted zones distributed in the central and southern parts, also
in the northern part have ammonia contents ( 0~05 - 0.1 ppm). ( 0.1 - 0.2
ppm ), ( 0.2 - 0.3 ppm) respectively.
The ammonia contents of deep well samples ranges between 0.0 1
andO.2ppm.· The distribution map show wide zone < 0.05 ppm and
scattered polluted zones have (0.05 - 0.1 ppm) , ( 0.1 - 0.2 ppm).
C- Trace metal contaminants:
1- Manganese :
In surface water canals manganese content is ranges between 0.2
and 0.4 .ppm. In the drains it varies from 0.2 to 2.8 ppm. The manganese
concentration of shallow wells ranges between 0.02 to 2.18. The
distribution map show major zone < 0.5 ppm and several polluted zones
ranges b~n,veen_ 0.5 and 1.5 ppm and high manganese concentrations
varies between 1.5 and 3 ppm at El-Shokr, El- Ramla, and EI-Dir.
The manganese content of the deep wells ranges between 0.02 and
1.37 ppm. The distribution map show large zone < 0.5 ppm and several
polluted zones varies from 0.5 and 1.5 ppm.
2- Lead:
In surface water canals, lead ranges from 0.01 to 0.09 ppm. The
drains samples have more than 0.2 ppm of lead concentrations.
The lead concentrations in shallow wells ranges between O.OJ and
0’.33 ppm. The distribution map show major polluted zone> 0.1 ppm and
other zones < 0.1 ppm. of lead contents.
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The lead content of the deep wells ranges from 0.02 to 0.21 ppm.
The distribution map show scattered polluted zones have lead content>
0.1 ppm.
D~Microbiological conta.minants:
TIle bacteriQlogical.analySis of 38 water samples includes (shallow
wells, canals and drains) show that:
1~ The drains and canals water samples are polluted with bacteria
2~ About 850/0 of the shallow wells are polluted by bacteria. This is due
- ,.... .
to the infiltration of sewage water. The private wells are poorly
designed and located on bad locations. ’ .
Chapter IV:
This chapter deals with water evaluation of surface and
groundwater for different purposes (drinking, livestock and poultry,
laundry use and irrigation purposes) with reference to WHO standard.
A- Drinking:
According to the recommended limits of the total salinity,
magnesium, calcium, chloride, iron, copper, phosphate, and nitrite the
water is suitable for drinking, but the unsuitability of water for drinking
is indicated as follow :
1•.According . to sulphate content in the shallow groundwater is
.’. ~
unsuitable for drinking in 320/0 of the study area and in the deep
groundwater is unsuitable for drinking in 100/0 of the study area. _. .
2. According to manganese content in the shallow groundwater IS
- .... .
unsuitable for drinking in 42 .% of the study area and in the deep
groundwater is ’unsuitable for drinking in ’35 % of the study area.
3. According to lead content of the surface water canals is unsuitable for
drinking, .in the shallow groundwater is. unsuitable for drinking in
.. ” -
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about 94 % of the study area, and in the deep groundwater is
unsuitable for drinking in about 80% of the study area.
4- According to cadmium content of two shallow wells at Kafr Shokr and
EI-Baqashin, and one deep well at Giziret Bolly is unsuitable for
drinking.
5- According to nitrate content of the shallow wells at Giziret Bolly, EIHessa,
Mit Kinana, EI-Dir and Kom El-Atron is unsuitable for
drinking, and in the deep groundwater at Mit kinana and EI-Dir is
unsuitable for drinking.
6- According to ammonia content of the shallow wells is unsuitable for
drinking in.about 5.8% of the study area, and in the deep groundwater
is unsuitable in abour42 % of the study area.
B - Livestock and poultry:
According to the limits of (NAS)· and (NAE), 1972 the surface
water and groundwater are suitable for livestock and poultry, except some
local areas at El- Baqashin, El-Shoker, El-Ramla, Giziret Belly El-Hessa,
Mit Kinana, El-Dir, El-Fuadya, Namol, Kafr Shibin El-Qanater, Kaha,
Sinduon, Kom Eshfen, and Belaks, especially for shallow water wells. ....... .
C- Laundry:
According to total hardness the surface water and groundwater in
the study area ranges from hard to very hard for laundry’ use.
0- Irrigation:
According to the recommended limits studied by (Ayers, 1977),
(U.S.SL. Staff 1954),. (Wilcox, 1948), and (Eaton, 1950) The water is
suitable for irrigation purposes, but the unsuitabilitv of water for
irrigation purposes is indicated as follows:
1- According to chloride content presented by Ayers (1t)?7) of the
shallow wells is unsuitable for irrigation in one well at Bclaks .
..~ -_._._---
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2- According’ to sulphate content presented by Ayers (1977) of the
. .
shallow wells is unsuitable for irrigation in 8 % of the study area.
3- According to, the classification ofU.S.S~. Staffs Method the drains
water can be used for irrigation of all soils except, Tisfa, Shibin EI-
”Qanater, Nawa, - and El-Ahraz drains can be used with adequate
drainage, but El-Sbemia and Tanan drains are unsuitable for irrigation
” .,
under ordinary conditions and can be used under special conditions as
high leaching and adequate drainage. For shallow wells about 23% are
moderate water class and unsuitable for irrigation under ordinary
conditions.
4- According to (Wilcox, 1948) the drains water are located in range of
good to unsuitable for irrigation. For shallow wells about 230/0 of the
study area are doubtful to unsuitable for irrigation purposes.
11-Recommendations:
from the previous chapters is obvious that the -tudv area is
subjected .to different pollutants and so the groundwater quality and
groundwater protection from pollution problems requires ”pe~.:ialattention
for maintaining durable development of the groundwater resource as
follow:
A.-Surface water
1- The maintaining of surface water levels and quantities from
decreasing. -
2- The use of fertilizers and pesticides should be controlled and
minimized.
3- Wastes not throw into the canals and drains.
4- The drains must be covered and lined to prevent seepage into
groundwater. .. ~. --
-~~~---~ ..-
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5- Peoples should be advised to the importance of surface water
protection and the range of dangerous effects on groundwater
pollution.
B- Ground water:
1- The maintaining of groundwater levels by the controlling of
withdrawn of water from aquifer.
2- The shallow wells in the study area are poorly designed and heavily
polluted and must be canceled.
3- The grmmdwater well- are very important for human and animals
consumption and keep away from pollution as follow:
a- Choose the location of wells that drilled away from pollution sources.
b- The wells are good designed and constructed.
c- The using water from wells must be throwaway from it.
d~ Take samples periodically from the wells to chemical and
bacteriological analysis under the activities of the Ministry of Health.