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Abstract
The growth of energy demand of the industrial world creates a serious problem all over the world. The nuclear energy is one of alternative solutions to overcome the expected energy crises. The radioactive waste is one of the disadvantages of the nuclear energy industry. Cesium, cobalt and nickel are three troublesome radionuclides which are commonly present in most radioactive wastes. These radionuclides tend to be separated from aqueous solutions wastes due to their relatively high activities. This work aims to find a suitable zirconium vanadate ion exchanger that has selectivity for uptake these radionuclides from the aqueous solutions. This study explicated through this thesis in nine
chapters.
The first one is general introduction that investigate the importance of the inorganic ion exchangers and their organic-inorganic hybrids over the organic ones.
The second chapter reports the different types of radioactive wastes, harmful ions of interest in liquid radioactive waste, radionuclides in liquid radioactive wastewater, problems of cesium in liquid radioactive wastewater, corrosion products in liquid radioactive waste, treatment processes for liquid nuclear waste, management of liquid nuclear waste through immobilization, and the selection of treatment processes for liquid
nuclear waste.
The ion exchange processes were discussed in details in chapter three. Where, it comprise the importance of ion exchange over other separation processes, the ion exchange theory, kinetics and dynamics in ion exchange process, and the chemical and physical
interferences in the ion exchange process.
A wide range of ion exchangers are available for treatment of radioactive liquids.
These types of the ion exchange materials have been considered in the fourth chapter. That includes three main types naturally occurring ion exchangers, synthetic ion exchangers, and composite ion exchangers. The first type could be subdivided into three categories natural inorganic ion exchangers, natural organic ion exchangers and modified natural ion exchangers. However the second type subdivided into synthetic organic ion exchangers and synthetic inorganic ion exchangers only. Additionally this chapter concerned with the general techniques for preparation inorganic ion exchangers. Which are the homogeneous precipitation technique, hydrothermal techniques and sol-gel precipitation technique.
The fifth chapter deals with the factors of importance in the selection of ion exchangers and application techniques that include waste characteristics, selection of ion exchanger and treatment process, and cost considerations. Also the different ion exchange application techniques, batch operation, column operation and membrane systems have
been discussed in this chapter.
A brief review about the different ion exchanger types that have affinity for cesium uptake from the liquid waste was reported in the chapter six.
Chapter seven contains the experimental work and begins with an illustration of the specifications of the raw materials used in this work, followed by a description of the