الفهرس 
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Abstract
Aging is a process that results in a progressive decline of the multiple control mechanisms needed for daily life. All organs are affected although the change can be minimized by physical activity. There may be a large difference between the chronological age of an individual and his or her biological age. Furthermore, individuals with identical chronological ages can be very different in their biological abilities because we are not all affected by the aging process at the same rate (Barry & Eathorne, 1994). As we get older, the voice declines, much the same way other body functions do (Beasley & Davis, 1981). The voice, however, does not always mirror the extreme or rapid changes that may occur in the physical functioning of the body. Aged individuals in good physical condition possess voices that are similar in characteristics to voices of younger persons (Ramig & Ringel, 1983). Some singers can maintain their voices well into their 70s. The voice may retain the essential elements of beauty, although it may not exhibit the range or degree of vocal control that was present in younger years. But for others, the voice readily betrays the effect of aging. Voices that show a decline in vocal pitch, decreased control of loudness, or changes in voice quality may be showing signs of diminished physical status (Colton & Casper, 1996).