الفهرس 
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Abstract
Infertility is one of the major medical and social problem and has received considerable international attention. Infertility affects approximately 10-15 % of couples and is important part of clinical practice for many clinicians (Mosher & Pratt, 1991). Fortunately for many of these couples, the problem is over when some conceive spontaneously without undergoing any investigation or therapy, few others become pregnant after being investigated and treated for the corrective factors (Robert et al., 1991).
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) encompass all techniques involving direct manipulation of oocytes outside of the body. The commonest forms of ART are in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). These techniques provide hope for many couples who are unable to conceive naturally. While results of ICSI have improved much and are associated with pregnancy rates that approach spontaneous fecundity, unfortunately there is considerable discrepancy between results of fertilization and implantation resulting in what is called implantation failure (Stern & Chamley, 2006).
Successful implantation requires a receptive endometrium that has been appropriately primed with estrogen and progesterone (Bergh &Navot, 1992). There are some mechanisms implicated in implantation failure such as genetic factors in the embryo and the mother, hormonal factors, anatomical factors, hematological factors, (congenital and acquired thrombophilias) and immunological processes such as autoimmune or alloimmune mechanisms. It has been determined that approximately 15% of over 1000 recurrent pregnancy loss patients have recognized autoimmune factors (Kutteh & Pasquarette, 1995).
Autoimmune factors include antiphospholipid antibodies which are a family of auto-antibodies that bind to negatively charged phospholipids, phospholipid- binding proteins or combination of two (Branch & Khamashta, 2003).