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Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer in Egypt and the fourth in men world wide. Bladder cancer is more common in male than in females. Several factors are involved in the development of bladder cancer including bilharzial cystitis, smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, some analgesics, bladder calculi and chemotherapeutic agents.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is the most common pathological type of urological cancers. Superficial tumors represent about 70% of the initially diagnosed tumors.
Bladder cancer presents commonly by haematuria and irritative symptoms (frequency, urgency and dysuria). Pelvi-abdominal ultrasound, IVU and CT are imaging modalities helping in diagnosis of bladder cancer. Cystoscopy is considered the standard method for diagnosis of bladder cancer; however, the method is characterized by being invasive, costly and inconclusive particularly in cases of cystitis.
Voided urine cytology is a non invasive method, it is highly sensitive in high grade tumors, but not sensitive in low grade tumors; moreover it requires a well trained cytopathologist.